clear
1.492 / 5.000
Kết quả dịch
star_border
Thousands of years after writing was invented in Iraq, the work of copying documents is still mostly handwritten. A copy takes a huge amount of time, it can take months to years to complete, and the price of these prints is probably only affordable for the upper class. save. This has created a huge barrier in the transmission of knowledge, information, ideas, etc., and thus dragging down the development of an entire society.
It is the thirst for knowledge through books and documents that motivates people to invent a new method: printing. Since the first printing methods appeared in China and India in the first centuries AD, until the Xerox – The first electronic printer was announced in 1949 in the US, the calendar The history of printing technology has almost paralleled human civilization.
From primitive printing methods
In 175 AD, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty ordered the collection and sealing of Confucian books in order to save these invaluable documents for future generations. This made the pages of Confucius books extremely scarce, and Confucianists, wishing to own these books without having to exchange almost their entire fortune, gave birth to the first printing method: carbon paper. By using carbon paper over the original, then rubbing it several times with wooden planks, they got a copy with a black background with white text
However, it was the Buddhists, not the Confucians, who made a breakthrough in printing technology. It is called the printing method: documents and images are embossed on a wooden plank, then ink is applied on top, and finally stamped into paper, clothes, etc. This technology then becomes extremely popular in East Asian countries.
In Korea, printed copies of Buddhist scriptures have been found, dating to around 700-750 AD. In Japan, printing technology has even advanced to the level of mass production. In 768 AD, in honor of the Buddhist Narra, the court urged the mass printing of lucky charms and prayer books. It is said that this project lasted for six years, and the number of copies produced reached millions of copies. Many copies still exist to this day.
However, the mold printing method has too great disadvantages. A print takes a long time to complete, and once it’s done, it’s quickly thrown in the trash. In addition, if the craftsman accidentally leaves a small error on the print, he will have to start over from the beginning.
To solve these problems, Bi Cheng, a printer in the Song Dynasty, devised a method to separate the characters. First, these characters are embossed on a piece of clay, then the clay is fired and attached to a thin iron plate — a print is made. Once completed, this print will be cut apart and stored for future printing.
Obviously, this is a great idea but completely impractical, as Chinese characters can number in the thousands of individual characters. However, the technology still quickly spread throughout Asia, and through the Silk Road — to Europe.
With the alphabet, separate printing technology becomes much simpler and easier to apply. In 1448, Johann Gutenberg became the first to apply this method. Gutenberg selects metal materials to create discrete letters, numbers, or characters, then enters them into molds and arranges to create a message before it is mass-printed.
With metal materials, it is clear that Gutenberg’s printing technology has become superior to what the Chinese had envisioned: prints become more delicate, sharper, and easier to maintain. He was also the first to use oil-based inks in printing technology, and with this improvement, prints become bolder, more durable than previous prints using water-based inks.
Just over 40 years after its introduction, the loose printing method quickly spread across Europe with more than 20 million books. It really created a communication revolution at that time, and it can be said that this is the invention that opened a new era in European civilization: the Renaissance. Gutenberg’s printing technology has been rated by Life Magazine as the greatest invention in the past 1000 years.
Printing technology has remained largely unchanged in the three centuries since the introduction of Guntenberg’s method. This method shows much higher efficiency than previous methods, however, it still requires too much labor. In 1800, Lord Stanhope developed this form of printing using heated steel plates, thereby reducing labor, but still did not improve productivity (about 250 pages / hour).
The first steam-powered printer was designed in 1811 by the German architect Friedrich Koenig, with the ability to print about 1100 pages per hour. This printer was later sold to the Times magazine, where it was improved to print on both sides of the paper.
However, it was not until the Lino printer was born in 1884 that the history of the printing industry really had a memorable milestone. By using a type-writter, the Lino machine allows characters to be entered by mechanical operation instead of by hand as before. With a capacity of up to millions of prints in a day, the Lino printer made newspapers the main means of communication at the time.
20th century, era of electronic printers
In 1938, Chester Carlson, a Caltech graduate student, developed the idea of creating “dry printing” technology through an electronic printer. He’s tried to sell the idea to more than 20 companies, including IBM, but everyone thinks the guy’s out of his mind — who needs a machine to do the job of a carbon paper?
Finally, in 1949, the Haloid Corporation in New York agreed to spend money to make Carlson’s idea a reality. They called this technology “Xerography” (Greek for dry printing), and later this corporation changed its name to Xerox – The largest printing corporation in the world today.
The working mechanism of this printer can be summarized as follows: the print shaft will be electrostatically charged to create a potential up to tens of thousands of volts, then a beam of light is scanned through the original, sending it images from the original to the print plate, creating a difference in the charge distribution on the print axis. A special powder ink is sprayed onto the platen surface and adhered to the print plate according to this charge distribution. Finally, the paper is applied to the platen and the image is copied from there.
Về cơ bản, một máy photocopy sẽ có ba trục: trục in để in lại những hình ảnh cần photo lên giấy, trục ép để ép chặt những hạt mực vào giấy, và trục lau để lau sạch trục in, chuẩn bị cho một lần photo mới.
Một chiếc máy photocopy cổ điển gặp rất nhiều vấn đề trong việc photo hàng loạt. Để photo ra 50 bản sao từ một bản gốc, bạn sẽ phải tiến hành quét đến 50 lần. Trong khi đó, với những chiếc máy hiện đại, được tích hợp công nghệ in số hóa và thiết bị in laser, bạn sẽ chỉ cần quét qua bản in một lần, những hình ảnh này sẽ được lưu vào bộ nhớ và thiết bị in sẽ tạo ra 50 bản in — nhanh hơn và hiệu quả hơn rất nhiều.
Máy in Laser được phát triển bởi Gary Starkweather, một nhà nghiên cứu thuộc tập đoàn Xerox vào năm 1969. Về cơ bản, những chiếc máy in laser cũng có cơ chế hoạt động tương tự như những máy photocopy, nhưng điểm cải tiến ở đây là việc sử dụng những chùm tia laser để quét qua văn bản gốc do đó rút ngắn được thời gian in và tăng công suất cho máy in. Với những văn bản đen trắng, những chiếc máy in laser có thể cho ra 200 bản photo trong vòng chưa đầy 1 phút. Và tốc độ này với những bản in màu là 100 bản/ phút — vẫn là một tốc độ cực kỳ lý tưởng.
The first laser printers sold for £8,500, a figure that was beyond the reach of many at the time. While today you can get a mid-range laser printer for as little as £100, and for £150 you can get the equivalent of the ones that cost £3500 in 1985. The above example shows the great advances of printing technology in bringing this product closer to the consumer market.
Dot matrix printing technology (dot matrix printing)
Just a few years after the advent of laser printing technology, in 1970, Maynard electronic technology corporation, Massachusett launched a new product: the dot-matrix printer. This printer works somewhat like a typewriter: it consists of movable printheads that dab through an ink ribbon and reveal ink onto the page to be printed. With characters created with points, the number of fonts becomes very diverse.
As soon as it was born, dot matrix printers have become a popular product in the market because of their flexibility, variety of models, and at the same time, the price is very suitable for the pocket of the user. However, these printers quickly became obsolete due to many disadvantages: slow printing, very low print resolution, inability to print images and too noisy when printing. work. Today, these printers are only used to print invoices at stores and supermarkets.
Inkjet printing technology
Inkjet printing technology was born quickly to meet the need to convert vivid images on the computer into images on paper. True to its name, this technology works by “shooting” ink droplets onto the background paper to create the desired image. The ink will be sprayed through the small holes drop by drop at a very high speed (about 5000 times/second). Due to the very small size of each ink droplet (only the size of a…hair), the resulting print will become extremely sharp. With a very thick pinhole density, the native resolution of the printer can be up to thousands of dpi (that is, the printer can spray thousands of ink drops per 1 inch of printed paper, equal to about 2.5cm). At the same time, the ability to blend colors is very diverse from the primary colors, this technology can create the most vibrant colors you want in your print.
As soon as it was born, dot matrix printers have become a popular product in the market because of their flexibility, variety of models, and at the same time, the price is very suitable for the pocket of the user. However, these printers quickly became obsolete due to many disadvantages: slow printing, very low print resolution, inability to print images and too noisy when printing. work. Today, these printers are only used to print invoices at stores and supermarkets.
The fastest printing record belongs to the IBM Infoprint 4100 printer with a print speed of 330 pages per minute. It is also the most expensive printer in the world with a cost of about 100 million dollars for one.
The world’s largest printer: This record belongs to the MITSUBISHI DIAMONDSTAR printer, with the size of about… a 4-storey building. The price of a printer is about 50 million Japanese yen, equivalent to more than 6 hundred thousand USD.
